Georg Wilhelm
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Georg Wilhelm was the second of four sons born to duke Georg of Calenberg (1582-1641) and was the ruling prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg - Calenberg (Hanover) from 1648-1665 and the ruling prince of Brunswick -Lüneburg - Celle from 1665 until his death in 1705. In 1653 Georg Wilhelm and his youngest brother, Ernst August (1629-1698), visited the court of Karl Ludwig (1617-1680), Elector Palatine of the Rhine, where they met Karl Ludwig's sister, Princess Sophie (1630-1714) of the Palatinate. The two brothers returned to Karl Ludwig's court three years later, at which time Georg Wilhelm asked for Sophie's hand in marriage. Both Karl Ludwig and Sophie were happy to accept the proposal and a marriage contract was signed before the brothers left Heidelberg in route to Venice. Once in Italy, Georg began to have second thoughts about his marriage proposal, finding himself reluctant to give up the freedom of bachelorhood. Not wanting to dishonor his house by breaking the marriage contract, he persuaded Ernst August to take his place as bridegroom. In an effort to make the prospects of Ernst August more attractive to Sophie and Karl Ludwig, Georg Wilhelm and Ernst August signed a convention on 11/21 April 1658 in which Georg Wilhelm agreed never to marry, thus eliminating the possibility of legitimate heirs with claims on Georg Wilhelm's estates that could compete with those of Ernst August. Sophie and Karl Ludwig agreed to the substitution and Sophie and Ernst August were married in 1658.
In 1664 Georg Wilhelm met Eléonore Desmiers d'Olbreuse, a woman of French Huguenot extraction, and had fallen deeply in love with her. Georg Wilhelm naturally wanted to ease the social stigma for his mistress, whom he genuinely loved, and make her acceptable to her own relatives. Thus he persuaded Ernst August, who in turn persuaded Sophie, to invite Eléonore to Osnabrück (where at the time Ernst August was prince-bishop) as a lady-in-waiting. In this office she accompanied Ernst August and Sophie to Celle where she entered into a "marriage of conscience" with Georg Wilhelm, after the 1658 agreement had been amended to make it clear that no son of their union could ever inherit Lüneburg - Celle. Eléonore was thereafter known as Mme. de Harburg, after one of the two estates that Georg Wilhelm had provided for her. In 1666 Eléonore gave birth to a baby girl, Sophie Dorothea (1666-1726), but the loving parents were understandably distressed by her illegitimacy. As a girl child, Sophie Dorothea posed no immediate threat to the prospects of Sophie and Ernst August. However, they were now worried by Eléonore's hope for a legal marriage and by rumors that Georg Wilhelm had promised her one in the event that she presented him with a son. Upon questioning by Sophie, this rumor was denied by Georg Wilhelm in writing. But Sophie continued to worry that the convention of 1658 might be overturned, if not by Georg Wilhelm himself, then possibly on his death by a son-in-law should Sophie Dorothea marry. This worry probably increased when, in 1671, Georg Wilhelm prevailed upon emperor Leopold I. (1640-1705) to make Eléonore a Reichsgräfin and to agree that Sophie Dorothea would be permitted to display the arms of the house of Brunswick - Lüneburg without the bend sinister (indicating illegitimacy) if she were to marry into the family of a ruling prince. It undoubtedly increased more when, in April 1675, Georg Wilhelm and Eléonore were married in a church ceremony with the blessing of the Emperor, after which Eléonore was styled the duchess of Celle. This marriage removed the stigma of illegitimacy from Sophie Dorothea and would render legitimate any future sons she might have. Ernst August and Sophie were alarmed, but in May Georg Wilhelm once again confirmed the 1658 convention — although he simultaneously also announced the engagement of Sophie Dorothea to the son and heir of Duke Anton Ulrich (1633-1714) of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel, Friedrich August (1657-1676), an announcement that tended to undermine any confidence that Ernst August and Sophie might have placed in Georg Wilhelm's reaffirmation of the 1658 convention. This threat was soon eliminated when Friedrich August died the following year in the siege of Philippsburg. But the continuing threat of some future marriage of Sophie Dorothea that would undermine his position determined Ernst August to find terms upon which she could be married to her first cousin, and his eldest son, Georg Ludwig (1660-1727). This union eventually came about in 1682, from which there were two children, Georg August (1683-1760) and Sophie Dorothea (1687-1757). But the marriage was not a happy one. After Sophie Dorothea had brought a son and a daughter into the world, she was estranged from her husband. Georg Ludwig preferred his mistress of many years, countess Melusine von der Schulenburg (1667-1743), and since 1690 Sophie Dorothea had a love connection to count Phillip Christoph von Königsmarck (1665-1694).
Once their love interest had been discovered, the threat of a scandalous elopement involving Sophie Dorothea and Königsmarck became a serious concern to the Hanoverian court. Both Sophie Dorothea and Königsmarck had been warned to break off the affair, but the lovers lied about their involvement, which they continued despite the warnings. During the night of 1/11 July 1694 Königsmarck was seen to enter the palace in Hanover and make his way toward Sophie Dorothea's apartments. Whether he reached them is unknown, but it is certain that he was killed that night. According to information gathered by Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel, the murder was the work of four courtiers from the court of Hanover. One of these, named Montalban, was identified as having struck the fatal blow. It has been discovered that shortly after 1/11 July Don Nicolò Montalbano, an Italian who had endeared himself to Ernst August's family during work on the new palace at Osnabrück, was paid 150,000 talers from Ernst August's coffers. At the time, Montalban's annual salary was merely 200 talers and that of the highest-paid electoral minister just 1,500 talers. So a reward of 150,000 talers was an extraordinary sum, leading to the not unreasonable suggestion that it was for Montalban's part in the assassination of Königsmarck . According to Anton Ulrich's information, Königsmarck's body was sunk in the Leine river in a sack weighted with stones. Matters moved apace in the aftermath of Königsmarck's disappearance. The marriage between Georg Ludwig and Sophie Dorothea was finally dissolved on 28 December 1694 (OS). As part of the agreement between her father Georg Wilhelm and Ernst August, Sophie Dorothea was banished for life to the family castle at Ahlden (Celle), completely separated from her children and her father1 and denied the right to remarry. Although endowed with a generous income and a court of her own, she was allowed to drive her carriage only under observation and only for a given distance; she was not allowed to walk on foot outside the courtyard at Ahlden.
As prospects for Brunswick-Lüneburg becoming the ninth Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire brightened, Georg Wilhelm was brought to agree to defer to his younger brother, Ernst August, should electoral status be granted to the house. It was thus that Ernst August became the first elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1692, while Georg Wilhelm remained prince of Lüneburg - Celle until his death in 1705. At that time, Celle reverted to Lüneburg-Calenberg (Hanover) and the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg was united under the rule of Ernst August's eldest son and Georg Wilhelm's nephew and ex-son-in-law, Georg Ludwig, the future king of Great Britain and Ireland.
Notes
1Georg Ludwig did sanction visits to Ahlden by Duke Georg Wilhelm, which were denied by the agreement of 1694. However, no visits took place for reasons unconnected with Georg Ludwig. Georg Ludwig also permitted Georg Wilhelm's widow to move from her dower-house in Lüneburg to the castle of Celle in order to make her frequent trips to visit her daughter less strenuous.
Sources
- The Encyclopædia Britannica, 13th edition. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1926.
- Aiton, E. J. Leibniz: A Biography. Boston: Adam Hilger, 1985.
- Hatton, Ragnhild Marie. George I: Elector and King. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.
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